Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and disabling psychiatric disease with rates
of non-responsiveness to antidepressants ranging from 30–50%. Historically, the …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a condition which has often been associated with
chronic stress. The sympathetic nervous system is continuously activated without the normal …

Abstract Introduction: Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) is a
clinically heterogeneous disorder with a number of different etiologies and disease …

A wealth of data has been amassed that details a complex, yet accessible, series of
pathways by which the immune system, notably inflammation, can influence the brain and …

Background: Recent studies suggest that anti-inflammatory medication may play a role in
the treatment of mood disorders. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the …

There has been increasing interest in the role of glutamate in mood disorders, especially
given the profound effect of the glutamate receptor antagonist ketamine in improving …

This chapter explores the evidence supporting inflammation-associated depression. Data to
date suggest a bidirectional relationship between inflammation and depression wherein one …

Schizophrenia and major depression (MD) have been associated with immune system
dysfunction. One example of this is the altered level of cytokines—important inflammatory …

Objective Depressive disorder is associated with abnormal changes in cytokines levels. This
study aimed to assess serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, interleukin (IL) …

Elevated levels of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein, are well documented in
people with depression. Few studies have examined whether the association between …