Trillions of microbes have evolved with and continue to live on and within human beings. A
variety of environmental factors can affect intestinal microbial imbalance, which has a close …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of worldwide cancer mortality.
HCC almost exclusively develops in patients with chronic liver disease, driven by a vicious …

Recurrent hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a leading cause of readmission despite standard
of care (SOC) associated with microbial dysbiosis. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) …

The gut-liver axis is widely implicated in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, where it is
increasingly the focus of clinical research. Recent studies trialling an array of therapeutic …

The gut microbiota plays critical roles in development of obese-related metabolic diseases
such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and insulin …

A growing body of evidence now highlights a key role for inflammation in mediating sickness
behaviors and depression. Systemic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis …

Background Hepatic encephalopathy is a disorder of brain function as a result of liver failure
or portosystemic shunt or both. Both hepatic encephalopathy (clinically overt) and minimal …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects hepatocytes specifically and causes immune‐mediated liver
damage. How HBV interacts with the innate immunity at the early phase of infection, either …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a reversible syndrome of impaired brain function occurring
in patients with advanced liver diseases. The precise pathophysiology of HE is still under …

The fundamental understanding of liver disease, especially cirrhosis and its complications,
has changed dramatically over the last decade with the introduction of the culture …