Causal inference for non‐censored response variables, such as binary or quantitative
outcomes, is often based on either (1) direct standardization ('G‐formula') or (2) inverse …

The use of instrumental variables for estimating the effect of an exposure on an outcome is
popular in econometrics, and increasingly so in epidemiology. This increasing popularity …

Background Composite endpoints comprising hospital admissions and death are the
primary outcome in many cardiovascular clinical trials. For statistical analysis, a Cox …

Circumstances in the family of origin have short-and long-term consequences for people's
health. Family background also influences educational achievements–achievements that …

The Cox proportional hazards model is most widely used in survival analysis for modeling
censored survival data. In this model, the effect of the covariates is assumed to act …

Interval estimation is an important objective of most experimental and observational studies.
Knowing at the design stage of the study how wide the confidence interval (CI) is expected …

Objective To explore the importance of early life factors shared by siblings, such as parental
socioeconomic position, parental practices, housing and neighbourhood, for the association …

This thesis is devoted to presenting and illustrating a novel estimation method offering a way
to reduce confounding bias in time-to-event situations. In order to reduce this bias, without …

Hazard ratios are often used to evaluate time to event outcomes, but they may be hard to
interpret. A particular issue arise because hazards are typically estimated conditional on …

Randomized controlled trials cannot provide all necessary information about drug reactions
as they are limited by several factors. Observational studies in free-living populations are …