Epigenetic consequences of exposure to psychostimulants are substantial but the
relationship of these changes to compulsive drug taking and abstinence is not clear. Here …

A key factor in the development of obesity is the overconsumption of food calorically high in
fat. Overconsumption of food high in fat not only promotes weight gain but elicits changes in …

Glutamatergic system has an important role in cocaine-seeking behavior. Studies have
reported that chronic exposure to cocaine induces downregulation of glutamate transporter …

Purpose Co-occurring schizophrenia spectrum disorder and International Statistical
Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision cocaine dependence present a particularly …

Drug addiction is a chronic disease that is shaped by alterations in neuronal function within
the cortical–basal ganglia‐thalamic circuit. However, our understanding of how this circuit …

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family verprolin homologous protein 1 (WAVE1)
regulates actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex-mediated actin polymerization. Our …

Caffeine is a psychostimulant frequently consumed by adults and children, often in
combination with high levels of sugar. Chronic pretreatment with either substance can …

Drug dependence is a chronic, often relapsing disorder. Chronic use of drugs of abuse can
lead to changes in the neurobiology and neurochemistry of the brain circuits underlying drug …

Although pharmacotherapy and psychosocial support can help smokers to quit, the high
relapse rates indicate a high unmet need for more effective treatment. Recent studies have …

Withdrawal from chronic cocaine use is characterized by cellular adaptations and structural
remodeling within the brain's reward circuitry, which are believed to drive persistent drug …