Herein, we consider the heart as an organ whose task is to supply blood flow to the tissues.
A brief section on the form and function of the heart sets the stage for more detailed sections …

Abstract Except for the Providence River and side embayments like Greenwich Bay,
Narragansett Bay can no longer be considered eutrophic. In summer 2012 managed …

Fish often encounters exposures to acute environmental hypoxia either spatially or
temporally. Gill organ plays important roles in response to hypoxic stress in fish. Few studies …

Global environmental change has negative impacts on ecological systems, impacting the
stable provision of functions, goods, and services. Whereas effects of individual …

Metabolic rate depression (MRD) has long been proposed as the key metabolic strategy of
hypoxic survival, but surprisingly, the effects of changes in hypoxic O2 tensions (P wO2) on …

Vertebrate hypoxia tolerance can emerge from modifications to the oxygen (O2) transport
cascade, but whether there is adaptive variation to O2 binding at the terminus of this …

Hypoxia is an important environmental stressor leading to endocrine disruption and
reproductive impairment in fish. Although the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is known to …

Alteration of immunological function of an aquatic organism can be used as an indicator for
evaluating the direct effect of exposure to pollutants. The aim of this work is to assess the …

The capacity for metabolic energy (adenosine triphosphate, ATP) production via oxidative
phosphorylation is much greater (~ 15×) than by anaerobic glycolysis, and vertebrates have …

This chapter focuses on how the individual organism uses the energy gained from its diet.
This includes standard and diet-dependent metabolic rates and the allocation of …