The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway is deregulated in many diseases,
including cancer. In healthy cells and early-stage cancer cells, this pathway has tumor …

Fibroblasts in the tumor stroma are well recognized as having an indispensable role in
carcinogenesis, including in the initiation of epithelial tumor formation. The association …

At the turn of the last century, the emerging field of medical oncology chose a cytotoxic
approach to cancer therapy over an immune-centered approach at a time when evidence in …

Transforming growth factor βs (TGF-βs) are closely related ligands that have pleiotropic
activity on most cell types of the body. They act through common heterotetrameric TGF-β …

Despite a continuing debate about the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), recent
discoveries have provided further support for their existence and their roles in drug …

The immunostimulatory properties of radiation therapy (RT) have recently generated
widespread interest due to preclinical and clinical evidence that tumor-localized RT can …

High tumor recurrence is frequently observed in patients with urinary bladder cancers
(UBCs), with the need for biomarkers of prognosis and drug response. Chemoresistance …

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has achieved striking efficacy in B-cell leukemias, but less
success treating other cancers, in part due to the rapid loss of ACT T-cell effector function in …

The concept of epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity (EMP), which describes the dynamic flux
within the spectrum of phenotypic states that invasive carcinoma cells may reside, is being …

The amplitude of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signal is tightly regulated to ensure
appropriate physiological responses. As part of negative feedback loop SMAD 7, a direct …