Placebos have been used ubiquitously throughout the history of medicine. Expectations and
associative learning processes are important psychological determinants of placebo effects …

Background Psychosocial stress contributes to heart disease in part by adversely affecting
maintenance of health behaviors, while exercise can reduce stress. Assessing the bi …

In this chapter, we will outline the basic tenets of self-affirmation theory and how self-
affirmation has been shown to affect different contexts of human functioning. We will address …

This chapter begins with a basic overview of inoculation theory before turning to proposed
applications and theoretical development opportunities in the contexts of physical activity …

People are motivated to feel that they are adequate—that they are good, competent, and
efficacious. When demanding environments threaten this sense of personal adequacy, they …