Biofilm refers to the complex, sessile communities of microbes found either attached to a
surface or buried firmly in an extracellular matrix as aggregates. The biofilm matrix …

One of the key elements in the establishment and maintenance of the biofilm structure and
properties is the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is composed of water and …

Although using anammox communities for efficient wastewater treatment has attracted much
attention, the pure anammox bacteria are difficult to obtain, and the potential roles of …

Since their development over 70 years, antibiotics are still the most effective strategy to treat
bacterial biofilms and infections. However, the overuse of antibiotics in human healthcare …

Cell surface carbohydrates have been proven optimal targets for vaccine development.
Conjugation of polysaccharides to a carrier protein triggers a T-cell-dependent immune …

Acquisition of a mucoid phenotype by Pseudomonas sp. in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF)
patients, with subsequent over-production of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), plays …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium causes widespread
diseases in humans. This bacterium is frequently related to nosocomial infections such as …

Although biofilms have been observed early in the history of microbial research, their impact
has only recently been fully recognized. Biofilm infections, which contribute to up to 80% of …

Biofilms are robust multicellular aggregates of bacteria that are encased in an extracellular
matrix. Different bacterial species have been shown to use a range of biopolymers to build …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes devastating infections in immunocompromised
individuals. Once established, P. aeruginosa infections become incredibly difficult to treat …