Background Heart failure is a major and growing medical and economic problem worldwide
as 1–2% of the healthcare budget are spent for heart failure. The prevalence of heart failure …

Cardiovascular diseases are the most prominent maladies in aging societies. Indeed, aging
promotes the structural and functional declines of both the heart and the blood circulation …

1–«МНОЦ МГУ им. МВ Ломоносова», 119192, Москва, Ломоносовский пр-кт, д. 27, корп.
10 2–ФГБОУ ВО «ПИМУ» МЗ РФ, 603950, Нижний Новгород, пл. Минина и Пожарского …

РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ, СЕРДЕЧНАЯ НЕДОСТАТОЧНОСТЬ, ХРОНИЧЕСКАЯ СЕРДЕЧНАЯ
НЕДОСТАТОЧНОСТЬ, ОСТРАЯ ДЕКОМПЕНСАЦИЯ СЕРДЕЧНОЙ …

not override in any way whatsoever the individual responsibility of health professionals to
make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient's health condition …

Traditionally, the main indication for cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in heart failure
(HF) was for the selection of candidates to heart transplantation: CPET was mainly …

Aims More than 50% of patients with heart failure have preserved ejection fraction
characterized by diastolic dysfunction. The prevalance of diastolic dysfunction is higher in …

In acute heart failure (AHF) syndromes significant respiratory failure (RF) is essentially seen
in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (ACPE) or cardiogenic shock (CS) …

As a family of hormones with pleiotropic effects, natriuretic peptide (NP) system includes
atrial NP (ANP), B-type NP (BNP), C-type NP (CNP), dendroaspis NP and urodilatin, with NP …

Background Cardiogenic shock (CS) and low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) as
complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure (HF) or cardiac surgery are …