The successful establishment of humoral memory response depends on at least two layers
of defense. Pre‐existing protective antibodies secreted by long‐lived plasma cells act as a …

Co-ordinated interaction between distinct cell types is a hallmark of successful immune
function. A striking example of this is the carefully orchestrated cooperation between helper …

B cells can present antigens to CD4+ T cells, but it is thought that dendritic cells (DCs) are
the primary initiators of naive CD4+ T cell responses. Nanoparticles, including virus-like …

T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a new subset of regulatory T (T reg) cells localized in the
germinal center to limit the humoral response. Until now, the physiological function of Tfr …

T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a population of CD4+ T cells that express regulatory T
cell markers and have been shown to suppress humoral immunity. However, the precise …

Vaccine-induced immunity depends on the generation of memory B cells (MBC). However,
where and how MBCs are reactivated to make neutralising antibodies remain unknown …

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a specialized subset of CD4+ T cells that collaborate with B
cells to promote and regulate humoral responses. Unlike other CD4+ effector lineages, Tfh …

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play key role in providing help to B cells during germinal center
(GC) reactions. Generation of protective antibodies against various infections is an important …

Plasmodium species produce an ortholog of the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory
factor, PMIF, which modulates the host inflammatory response to malaria. Using a novel …

CD8+ T cells differentiate into multiple effector and memory subsets to carry out immune
clearance of infected and cancerous cells and provide long-term protection. Recent …