Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to
infection. Sepsis can be caused by a broad range of pathogens; however, bacterial …

Mitochondria are functionally versatile organelles. In addition to their conventional role of
meeting the cell's energy requirements, mitochondria also actively regulate innate immune …

Interferons (IFNs) are a broad class of cytokines elicited on challenge to the host defense
and are essential for mobilizing immune responses to pathogens. Divided into three classes …

Autophagy is a highly conserved process that degrades certain intracellular contents in both
physiological and pathological conditions. Autophagy-related proteins (ATG) are key players …

Virus–host interactions determine an infection outcome. The Asian lineage of Zika virus
(ZIKV), responsible for the recent epidemics, has fixed a mutation in the NS1 gene after …

Microbial infections are recognized by the innate immune system through germline-encoded
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). As most microbial pathogens contain DNA and/or …

Lung epithelial cells are increasingly recognized to be active effectors of microbial defense,
contributing to both innate and adaptive immune function in the lower respiratory tract. As …

Malignancies can compromise innate immunity, but the mechanisms of this are largely
unknown. Here we found that, via tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs), cancers were able to …

In mammalian cells, IFN responses that occur during RNA and DNA virus infections are
activated by distinct signaling pathways. The RIG-I–like-receptors (RLRs) bind viral RNA …

Interferons (IFNs) can serve as the first line of immune defense against viral infection. The
identification of IFN-λs 1, 2, 3 & 4 (termed as type III IFNs) has revealed that the antiviral …