Tissue and organ biology are very challenging to study in mammals, and progress can be
hindered, particularly in humans, by sample accessibility and ethical concerns. However …

Predicting the effects of drugs before human clinical trials is at the heart of drug screening
and discovery processes. The cost of drug discovery is steadily increasing owing to the …

Organs-on-a-chip (OOCs) are miniature tissues and organs grown in vitro that enable
modeling of human physiology and disease. The technology has emerged from converging …

Microphysiological systems (MPSs) are in vitro models that capture facets of in vivo organ
function through use of specialized culture microenvironments, including 3D matrices and …

Significant advances in biomaterials, stem cell biology, and microscale technologies have
enabled the fabrication of biologically relevant tissues and organs. Such tissues and organs …

Microphysiological systems (MPS, also known as “organ-on-a-chip”,“body-on-a-chip”, or
“human-on-a-chip”) have emerged over the last 15 years as attractive systems to probe …

Microfluidic technologies employ nano and microscale fabrication techniques to develop
highly controllable and reproducible fluidic microenvironments. Utilizing microfluidics, lead …

Microsensor systems for cell metabolism are essential tools for investigation and
standardization in cell culture. Electrochemical and optical read-out schemes dominate …

As the demand for precision medicine continues to rise, the “one-size-fits-all” approach to
designing medical devices and therapies is becoming increasingly outdated. Biomaterials …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Compared to traditional therapeutic strategies, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is one of …