Estimates vary regarding the number of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest
family of membrane receptors that are targeted by approved drugs, and the number of such …

Systemically administered opioids are among the most powerful analgesics for treating
severe pain. Several negative side effects (respiratory depression, addiction, nausea and …

Trace amines are endogenous compounds classically regarded as comprising β-
phenylethyalmine, p-tyramine, tryptamine, p-octopamine, and some of their metabolites …

In the infarcted heart, the damage‐associated molecular pattern proteins released by
necrotic cells trigger both myocardial and systemic inflammatory responses. Induction of …

Melatonin is well known for its circadian production by the pineal gland, and there is a
growing body of data showing that it is also produced by many other cells and organs …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves several essential cellular functions including protein
synthesis, protein folding, protein translocation, calcium homoeostasis and lipid …

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the Western society and is increasing in the
developing world. It is considered as one of the major contributors to the global burden of …

Background and Purpose Tubulo‐interstitial fibrosis is the final pathway in the progression
of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to kidney failure. The renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) …

Association between elevated levels of systemic trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO) and
increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events have been proposed in recent years …

Homocysteine is a sulphur‐containing non‐proteinogenic amino acid.
Hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy), the pathogenic elevation of plasma homocysteine as a …