The Scribble cell polarity module, comprising Scribbled (Scrib), Discs-large (Dlg) and Lethal-
2-giant larvae (Lgl), has a tumor suppressive role in mammalian epithelial cancers. The …

The neural crest is induced at the edge between the neural plate and the nonneural
ectoderm, in an area called the neural (plate) border, during gastrulation and neurulation. In …

Epithelial folding transforms simple sheets of cells into complex three-dimensional tissues
and organs during animal development. Epithelial folding has mainly been attributed to …

The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is the only described mechanism
enabling nanoparticles (NPs) flowing in blood to reach tumors by a passive targeting …

Periconceptional folic acid (FA) supplementation significantly reduces the prevalence of
neural tube defects (NTDs). Unfortunately, some NTDs are FA resistant, and as such, NTDs …

The human neural tube defects (NTD), anencephaly, spina bifida and craniorachischisis,
originate from a failure of the embryonic neural tube to close. Human NTD are relatively …

The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway controls a variety of morphological events across
many species. During embryonic development, the PCP pathway regulates coordinated …

The vertebrate body forms by continuous generation of new tissue from progenitors at the
posterior end of the embryo. The study of these axial progenitors has proved to be …

Self-organization guides robust, spatiotemporally ordered formation of complex tissues and
ultimately whole organisms. While products of gene expression serve as building blocks of …

Human mutations in the planar cell polarity component VANGL2 are associated with the
neural tube defect spina bifida. Homozygous Vangl2 mutation in mice prevents initiation of …