Bone homeostasis depends on the resorption of bones by osteoclasts and formation of
bones by the osteoblasts. Imbalance of this tightly coupled process can cause diseases …

The skeleton is a dynamic organ that is constantly remodeled. Proteins secreted from bone
cells, namely osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts exert regulation on …

Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK) ligand (RANKL) binds RANK on the
surface of osteoclast precursors to trigger osteoclastogenesis. Recent studies have …

The development, maintenance of healthy bone and regeneration of injured tissue in the
human body comprise a set of intricate and finely coordinated processes. However, an …

Abstract TGF-β 1–3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in
mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix …

Disruption of bone remodelling by diseases such as osteoporosis results in an imbalance
between bone formation by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts. Research into these …

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) exerts profound effects on skeletal homeostasis through
multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. Continuous hyperparathyroidism causes net …

Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women worldwide, with bone
metastases presenting as the most common site of disease recurrence. Bone metastases …

Implant surface properties are a key factor in bone responses to metallic bone implants. In
view of the emerging evidence on the important role of osteoclasts in bone regeneration, we …

Bone remodeling is a continuous lifelong process in the repair of micro-damage to bone
architecture and replacement of aging tissue in bone. A failure to such process leads to …