Autophagy is a complicated cellular mechanism that maintains cellular and tissue
homeostasis and integrity via degradation of senescent, defective subcellular organelles …

Autophagy is a degradation mechanism by which cells recycle cytoplasmic components to
generate energy. By influencing lymphocyte development, survival, and proliferation …

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are a major cell population of the pannus that invades
cartilage and bone in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). FLS resistance to apoptosis is a major …

Background: Metformin, a widely prescribed blood glucose normalizing antidiabetic drug, is
now beginning to receive increasing attention due to its anti-inflammatory properties …

Diverse physiological and pathological conditions that impact on protein folding of the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cause ER stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR) and the …

Background Increasing evidence indicates a pathogenic role of deregulated autophagy in
rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We examined the relationship between autophagy and …

Nowadays, pharmacologic treatments of autoinflammatory diseases are largely palliative
rather than curative. Most of them result in non-specific immunosuppression, which can be …

NFκB activation and regulated cell death are important in tissue homeostasis, inflammation
and pathogenesis. Here we show the role of the p55TNFR–IKK2l–Ripk3 axis in the …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease which is associated with
significant morbidity. Redox sensitive transcription factors including NF-κB, HIF, AP-1, and …

Impaired apoptosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)‑fibroblast‑like synoviocytes (FLS) is pivotal in
the process of RA. Peptidyl arginine deiminase type IV (PADI4) is associated with …