Questions of how altered functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
contribute to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) …

Stress and pain are interleaved at multiple levels-interacting and influencing each other.
Both are modulated by psychosocial factors including fears, beliefs, and goals, and are …

This review integrates scientific knowledge obtained over the past few decades on the
biological mechanisms that contribute to the profound association between exposure to …

Abstract Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as abuse or chronic
stress, program an exaggerated adult inflammatory response to stress. Emerging rodent …

Although prior research has examined how early adversity and chronic stress exposure
relate to hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis responses to acute stress, to date, no …

While biological alterations associated with childhood maltreatment (CM) have been found
in affected individuals, it remains unknown to what degree these alterations are biologically …

Purpose Black women have the highest estimated allostatic load (AL). AL and self-perceived
health are strong health predictors and have been linked to racial discrimination. Research …

There is a relative consensus about the detrimental impact of childhood maltreatment on
later mental health problems and behavioral difficulties. Prior research suggests that …

Numerous studies have researched the aggravating and maintainer effect of Early Life
Stress in patients adults with psychiatric disorders. This study examined the relationship …

Psychosocial stress during childhood and adolescence is associated with alterations in the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and with heightened inflammation, both of which …