More than 15 million premature infants are born worldwide each year. 1 These infants, along
with term neonates who are born ill, compromised either by congenital abnormalities or by …

Opioids have long held a prominent role in the management of perioperative pain in adults
and children. Published reports concerning the appropriate, and inappropriate, use of these …

Purpose Pain in the neonate is often challenging to assess but important to control.
Physicians often must balance the need for optimal pain control with the need to minimize …

For decades neonatal pain was underrecognized. It was previously believed that the
immaturity of the nervous system of neonates protected them from experiencing pain. 1 …

It is broadly accepted that children of all age groups including (preterm) neonates and young
infants can perceive pain and that there is an absolute need to treat their pain safely and …

Non-invasive ventilation is currently the preferred respiratory support for premature infants
with respiratory distress. The lung-protective effects of non-invasive ventilation should …

Palliative care concentrates on preventing and relieving suffering by reducing the severity of
disease symptoms. Consistent treatment of pain and distress must therefore be an integral …

We need to train doctors and nurses to treat pain as a vital sign. Quality care means that
pain is measured. Quality of care means that pain is treated. That is, that proper assessment …

Pain in newborn children should be prevented due to negative short-and long-term
consequences. A good understanding of the development of the nociceptive system in …

The management of acute pain in children continues to evolve. Numerous observational
and self-report assessment tools have been validated in children, but a complete …