The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a heterogeneous and complex microbial
community, which plays a key role in human health. The gut microbiota controls the …

Background The gut is hypothesized to be the “motor” of critical illness. Under basal
conditions, the gut plays a crucial role in the maintenance of health. However, in critical …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial endotoxin that induces intestine inflammation. Milk
exosomes improve the intestine and immune system development of newborns. This study …

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating neonatal disease characterized by acute
intestinal injury. Intestinal stem cell (ISC) renewal is required for gut regeneration in …

Background/purpose Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease of prematurity
that develops after feeding, often without warning, and results in diffuse intestinal necrosis …

Background Several investigations affirm that, patients with inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD) exhibit dysbiosis characterized by restricted biodiversity and imbalanced bacterial …

NEC is a devastating disease that, once present, is very difficult to treat. In the absence of an
etiologic treatment, preventive measures are required. Advances in decoding the …

Scope Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease that is highly lethal in
premature infants. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) efficiently reduce the incidence of …

Since the emergence of early eukaryotic organisms, a plethora of sophisticated defense
mechanisms has evolved to protect the host from invading pathogens and to ensure species …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) represent one of the bridges that regulate the cross‐talk between
the innate and adaptive immune systems. TLRs interact with molecules shared and …