Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of immune cells playing several and diverse
functions in homeostatic and immune responses. The broad spectrum of macrophage …

miRNAs can be found in serum and other body fluids and serve as biomarkers for disease.
More importantly, secreted miRNAs, especially those in extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as …

Macrophages are the gatekeepers of intestinal immune homeostasis as they discriminate
between innocuous antigens and potential pathogens to maintain oral tolerance. However …

The immunology of pregnancy is complex and poorly defined. During the complex process
of pregnancy, macrophages secrete many cytokines/chemokines and play pivotal roles in …

Macrophages play an important role in a wide variety of physiologic and pathologic
processes. Plasticity and functional polarization are hallmarks of macrophages …

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese
patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR2 and …

Objective: Exosomes (Exos) are membrane-encased vesicles derived by nearly all cell types
for intercellular communication and regulation. They also received attention for their use as …

Most tumor cells reprogram their glucose metabolism as a result of mutations in oncogenes
and tumor suppressors, leading to the constitutive activation of signaling pathways involved …

Dysregulated inflammatory responses play a pivotal role in the initiation, development, and
progression of tumors, as demonstrated by the association between ulcerative colitis and the …

Objectives Vital pulp therapy (VPT) encompasses distinct treatment modalities for deep
caries that approximate the pulp chamber in vital teeth. Confusion exists in the literature in …