Background Clostridium difficile is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in several
countries. However, there are limited evidence characterizing its role as a global public …

Clostridium difficile ribotype (RT) 017 is an important toxigenic C. difficile RT which, due to a
deletion in the repetitive region of the tcdA gene, only produces functional toxin B. Strains …

Abstract Group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) is a bacterial pathogen for
which a commercial vaccine for humans is not available. Employing the advantages of high …

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) incidence has tripled over the past 15 years and is attributed
to the emergence of hypervirulent strains. While it is clear that C. difficile toxins cause …

Clostridioides difficile (Clostridium difficile) sequence type 11 (ST11) is well established in
production animal populations worldwide and contributes considerably to the global burden …

Introduction: Antibiotic use is an important risk factor for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).
Prior meta-analyses have identified antibiotics and antibiotic classes that pose the greatest …

Clostridium difficile is toxin-producing antimicrobial resistant (AMR) enteropathogen
historically associated with diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis in hospitalized patients …

Bacterial speciation is a fundamental evolutionary process characterized by diverging
genotypic and phenotypic properties. However, the selective forces that affect genetic …

Clostridium difficile is normally present in low numbers in a healthy adult gastro-intestinal
tract (GIT). Drastic changes in the microbial population, eg, dysbiosis caused by extensive …

PCR ribotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were used to characterize 940
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile isolates collected from 26 U S. hospitals over three time …