Traditional annotation of protein-encoding genes relied on assumptions, such as one open
reading frame (ORF) encodes one protein and minimal lengths for translated proteins. With …

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been considered a special class of non-coding RNAs
without 5′ caps and 3′ tails which are covalently closed RNA molecules generated by …

Many annotated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) harbor predicted short open reading
frames (sORFs), but the coding capacities of these sORFs and the functions of the resulting …

The identification of human-virus protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is an essential and
challenging research topic, potentially providing a mechanistic understanding of viral …

Abstract Non-conventional peptides (NCPs), which include small open reading frame-
encoded peptides, play critical roles in fundamental biological processes. In this study, we …

Proteins are critical components of biological membranes and play key roles in many
essential cellular processes. Membrane proteins are a structurally and functionally diverse …

Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide with cytoprotective effect in many tissues.
Administration of HN analogs has been proposed as therapeutic approach for degenerative …

Growing evidence illustrates the shortcomings on the current understanding of the full
complexity of the proteome. Previously overlooked small open reading frames (sORFs) and …

Genetically encoded fluorescent tags for visualization of proteins in living cells add six to
several hundred amino acids to the protein of interest. While suitable for most proteins …

A great number of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) account for the majority of the genome. The
translation of these ncRNAs has been noted but seriously underestimated due to both …