Today, based on brain imaging analyses, we can consider the brilliant metaphor about
event discreteness of the conscious process by William James (1890) to be an experimental …

Perceptual systems respond to proximal stimuli by forming mental representations of distal
stimuli. A central goal for the philosophy of perception is to characterize the representations …

The theory of mental models postulates that conditionals and disjunctions refer to
possibilities, real or counterfactual. Factual conditionals, for example,“If there's an apple …

In the philosophy of science why-questions are a way to address the foundations of scientific
explanation. For Bas van Fraassen (1980), a theory of explanation is essentially a theory of …

Abstract Reasoning about epistemic possibilities–those based on knowledge–is
fundamental in daily life. It is formalized in modal logics, of which there are infinitely many …

The mental model theory postulates that the meanings of conditionals are based on
possibilities. Indicative conditionals—such as “If he is injured tomorrow, then he will take …

This study examined (a) how observing different types of gestures while listening to a story
affected the recall of path and event information in 5-year-old children (n= 71) and adults (n …

[This paper is part of the Focused Collection on Curriculum Development: Theory into
Design.] Research in physics education has contributed substantively to improvements in …

Inferring knowledge is a core aspect of human cognition. We can form complex sentences
connecting different pieces of information, such as in conditional statements like “if someone …

In light of the latest research from cognitive and developmental psychology, this key text
explores reasoning, rationality, and democracy, considering the unique nature of each and …