Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), commonly known as endotoxin, is ubiquitous and the most-
studied pathogen-associated molecular pattern. A component of Gram-negative bacteria …

The transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) channels are Ca 2+-permeable nonselective
cation channels remarkably conserved through the animal kingdom. Mammals have only …

Gut-innervating nociceptor sensory neurons respond to noxious stimuli by initiating
protective responses including pain and inflammation; however, their role in enteric …

Sensory neurons are activated by physical and chemical stimuli, eliciting sensations such as
temperature, touch, pain, and itch. From an evolutionary perspective, sensing danger is …

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a superfamily of non-selective cation
channels that act as polymodal sensors in many tissues throughout mammalian organisms …

Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels are a family of ion channels whose members
are distributed among all kinds of animals, from invertebrates to vertebrates. The importance …

TRPV1 and TRPA1 are cation channels that play key roles in inflammatory signaling
pathways. They are co-expressed on airway C-fibers, where they exert synergistic effects on …

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a sustained and nonreversible condition characterized by long-
term devastating physical and psychological damage. Therefore, it is urgent to identify an …

Among the various regulators of the nervous system, the gut microbiota has been recently
described to have the potential to modulate neuronal cells activation. While bacteria-derived …

The dense innervation of the gastro-intestinal tract with neuronal networks, which are in
close proximity to immune cells, implies a pivotal role of neurons in modulating immune …