Background Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plays a key role in activation of cellular immunity and
subsequently, stimulation of antitumor immune-response. Based on its cytostatic, pro …

Macrophages play an important role in cancer development and metastasis.
Proinflammatory M1 macrophages can phagocytose tumor cells, while anti‐inflammatory M2 …

Over 200 million people suffer from osteoporosis worldwide. Individuals with osteoporosis
have increased rates of bone resorption while simultaneously having impaired …

Purpose Macrophages are highly plastic cells. Under different stimuli, macrophages can be
polarized into several different subsets. Two main macrophage subsets have been …

The optimal treatment for complex fractures and large bone defects is an important unsolved
issue in orthopedics and related specialties. Approximately 5–10% of fractures fail to heal …

Periodontitis is caused by host immune-inflammatory response to bacterial insult. A high
proportion of pro-inflammatory macrophages to anti-inflammatory macrophages leads to the …

Wound healing studies are intricate, mainly because of the multifaceted nature of the wound
environment and the complexity of the healing process, which integrates a variety of cells …

Macrophage activation is intimately linked to metabolic reprogramming. Inflammatory (M1)
macrophages are able to sustain inflammatory responses and to kill pathogens, mostly by …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are important immunocytes associated with cancer
metastasis. However, whether TAMs play a dominant role in mediating CXCL12/CXCR4 …

The main function of the lung is to perform gas exchange while maintaining lung
homeostasis despite environmental pathogenic and non-pathogenic elements contained in …