Conventional chemotherapeutics have been developed into clinically useful agents based
on their ability to preferentially kill malignant cells, generally owing to their elevated …

Cells succumbing to stress via regulated cell death (RCD) can initiate an adaptive immune
response associated with immunological memory, provided they display sufficient …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a diverse group of specialized antigen-presenting cells with key
roles in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. As such …

Cancer immunotherapy based on immune-checkpoint inhibition or adoptive cell therapy has
revolutionized cancer care. Nevertheless, a large proportion of patients do not benefit from …

The ATP–adenosine pathway functions as a key modulator of innate and adaptive immunity
within the tumour microenvironment. Consequently, multiple clinical strategies are being …

Therapeutic irradiation of the tumor microenvironment causes differential activation of pro-
survival and pro-death pathways in malignant, stromal, endothelial and immune cells, hence …

The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) is a major barrier to
immunotherapy. Within solid tumors, why monocytes preferentially differentiate into …

Dendritic cells (DCs) secrete vast quantities of exosomes termed as dexosomes.
Dexosomes are symmetric nanoscale heat-stable vesicles that consist of a lipid bilayer …

Cell death resistance is a key feature of tumor cells. One of the main anticancer therapies is
increasing the susceptibility of cells to death. Cancer cells have developed a capability of …

ABSTRACT Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the first, rate-limiting step of
the so-called “kynurenine pathway”, which converts the essential amino acid L-tryptophan …