Compulsion is a cardinal symptom of drug addiction (severe substance use disorder).
However, compulsion is observed in only a small proportion of individuals who repeatedly …

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease with a highly multifaceted
pathology that includes (but is not limited to) sensitivity to drug-associated cues, negative …

Deficits in decoding rewarding (and aversive) signals are present in several
neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression and addiction, emphasising the importance …

Rapid phasic activity of midbrain dopamine neurons is thought to signal reward prediction
errors (RPEs), resembling temporal difference errors used in machine learning. However …

Dysfunctional dopamine (DA) signaling has been associated with a broad spectrum of
neuropsychiatric disorders, prompting investigations into how midbrain DA neuron …

Dopamine (DA) neurons are thought to encode reward prediction error (RPE), in addition to
other signals, such as salience. While RPE is known to support learning, the role of salience …

The striatal dopamine system has long been studied in the context of reward learning,
motivation, and movement. Given the prominent role dopamine plays in a variety of adaptive …

Substantia nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons respond to aversive stimuli with inhibitory
pauses in firing followed by transient rebound activation. We tested integration of inhibitory …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is important for reward processing and motivation. The
anatomic organization of neurotransmitter-specific inputs to the VTA remains poorly …

Highlights•DA neurons show high levels of anatomical and functional heterogeneity.•Role
for projection-defined DA neurons in processing aversive stimuli.•Identification of aversive …