The CD40 receptor and its ligand CD40L is one of the most critical molecular pairs of the
stimulatory immune checkpoints. Both CD40 and CD40L have a membrane form and a …

Dopamine is derived from an amino acid, phenylalanine, which must be obtained through
the diet. Dopamine, known primarily to be a neurotransmitter involved in almost any higher …

Affinity maturation depends on how efficiently germinal centers (GCs) positively select B
cells in the light zone (LZ). Positively selected GC B cells recirculate between LZs and dark …

Background and Objectives There has been growing interest in potential roles of the
immune system in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). The aim of the current study …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with joint and systemic
inflammation that is accompanied by the production of autoantibodies, such as rheumatoid …

The decrease of neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) levels in the intestine is closely related to
the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the functional relevance …

Understanding the broad variety of functions encoded in cellular membranes requires
experimental systems mimicking both their biochemical composition and biophysical …

The nervous system exerts potent control over the immune system. A wealth of recent data
strongly implicate different branches of the peripheral nervous system in toning immunity …

The selection of B cells (BCs) in germinal centers (GCs) is pivotal to the generation of high-
affinity antibodies and memory BCs, but it lacks global understanding. Based on the idea of …

The development of follicular helper CD4 T (TFH) cells is a dynamic process resulting in a
heterogenous pool of TFH subsets. However, the cellular and molecular determinants of this …