Astrocytes are essential for the development and homeostatic maintenance of the central
nervous system (CNS). They are also critical players in the CNS injury response during …

Astrocyte heterogeneity is a rapidly evolving field driven by innovative techniques.
Inflammatory astrocytes, one of the first described subtypes of reactive astrocytes, are …

Importance Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an opportunistic infection
caused by the JC virus that has no proven effective treatment. Although rare cases of PML …

Highlights•Options for disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis are
emerging.•Among these are second-generation therapeutics.•The underlying concepts and …

The epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression regulation are a group of the key cellular
and molecular pathways that lead to inherited alterations in genes' activity without changing …

Background: There are fewer multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses during pregnancy, although
relapse risk increases in the early post-partum period, as has been predicted by pre …

The success of ocrelizumab in reducing confirmed disability accumulation in primary
progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) via CD20-targeted depletion implicates B cells as …

While the precise mechanisms driving progressive forms of MS are not fully understood,
patient age has clear impact on disease phenotype. The very young with MS have high …

Objective It has been debated whether the different clinical disease courses in multiple
sclerosis (MS) are the consequence of different pathogenic mechanisms, with distinct risk …

Astrocytes are traditionally recognized for their multiple roles in support of brain function.
However, additional changes in these roles are evident in response to brain diseases. In this …