Abstract Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) affects around 14.5 million individuals in the United
States, with Substance Use Disorder (SUD) affecting an additional 8.3 million individuals …

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a medial basal forebrain structure that
modulates the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. The heterogeneous subnuclei of …

The catecholamine-containing brainstem nuclei locus coeruleus (LC) and ventral tegmental
area (VTA) are critically involved in stress responses. Alterations of catecholamine systems …

Over the past few decades, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) gained popularity
as a unique brain region involved in regulating motivated behaviors related to …

The bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) is a complex limbic area involved in
neuroendocrine and behavioural responses and, in particular, in the modulation of the …

Stress is a frequent precipitant of relapse to drug use. Pharmacotherapies targeting a
diverse array of neural systems have been assayed for efficacy in attenuating stress-induced …

In individuals with substance use disorders, stress is a critical determinant of relapse
susceptibility. In some cases, stressors directly trigger cocaine use. In others, stressors …

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis is one of the main components of stress
adaptation. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) coming from the nucleus …

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) affects over 15 million Americans and remains exceptionally
difficult to treat, with the majority of individuals relapsing within a year of initiating treatment …

Methamphetamine (MA) is a psychostimulant drug of addiction that induces a wide range of
effects. Among its many side effects is the potentiation of cellular, physiological, and …