Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic bone disease with characteristics of bone loss and
microstructural degeneration. The personal and societal costs of osteoporosis are …

Bone remodeling is tightly controlled by osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-
mediated bone formation. Fine tuning of the osteoclast–osteoblast balance results in strict …

Bone is an active tissue, being constantly renewed in healthy individuals with participation of
the immune system to a large extent. Any imbalance between the processes of bone …

Osteoporosis is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease that affects half the women in the
sixth and seventh decade of life. Osteoporosis is characterized by uncoupled bone …

Alveolar bone is a unique osseous tissue due to the proximity of dental plaque biofilms.
Periodontal health and homeostasis are mediated by a balanced host immune response to …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common inflammatory form of arthritis leading to the
progressive bone and joint destruction. Many factors are closely involved in the pathology of …

Estrogen deficiency causes a gut microbiome–dependent expansion of BM Th17 cells and
TNF-α–producing T cells. The resulting increased BM levels of IL-17a (IL-17) and TNF …

The gastrointestinal tract is colonized by trillions of microorganisms, consisting of bacteria,
fungi, and viruses, known as the “second gene pool” of the human body. In recent years, the …

Osteoporosis is a systemic-skeletal disorder characterized by enhanced fragility of bones
leading to increased rates of fractures and morbidity in large number of populations …

Periodontitis, one of the most common infectious diseases in humans, is characterized by
inflammation of the periodontal tissue and subsequent destruction of the alveolar bone …