The history of drug metabolism began in the 19th Century and developed slowly. In the mid-
20th Century the relationship between drug metabolism and toxicity became appreciated …

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are cell-surface proteins that present peptides to T cells.
These peptides are bound within the peptide binding cleft of HLA, and together as a …

The role of microglia cells in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is well recognized, however their
molecular and functional diversity remain unclear. Here, we isolated amyloid plaque …

Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic
symptoms (DIHS/DRESS) is a severe type of adverse drug eruption associated with …

Delayed drug hypersensitivity reactions are clinically diverse reactions that vary from
isolated benign skin conditions that remit quickly with no or symptomatic treatment, drug …

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a challenging clinical event in medicine, particularly
because of its ability to present with a variety of phenotypes including that of autoimmune …

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is the most polymorphic in the human genome
that has been associated with protection and predisposition to a broad array of infectious …

Pediatric autoimmune liver disorders include autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), autoimmune
sclerosing cholangitis (ASC), and de novo AIH after liver transplantation. AIH is an idiopathic …

Small molecule drugs form the backbone of modern medicine's therapeutic arsenal. Often
less appreciated is the role that small molecules have had in advancing basic biology. In this …

Adverse drug reactions are a public health issue that draws widespread attention, especially
for Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) which have high …