Flooding disasters pose a threat to sanitation services and can result in loss of access that
exacerbates challenges to achieving universal access. To maintain and even improve …

At the present time, million people still defecate in the open, not in private. Indonesia is a
densely populated country with a lot of open defecation (OD) both in urban and rural areas …

Rural households have latrine preferences and unique sanitation needs. An assessment of
how rural households adapt their sanitation needs to a nationally encouraged latrine design …

Background Inconsistent toilet usage is a continuing challenge in India. Despite the impact
of social expectations on toilet usage, few programs and studies have developed …

The paper assessed access to WASH service in the Jariban district of Somalia. One hundred
and sixty-seven households were sampled to administer a questionnaire. Central tendency …

The ecological model can be referred to as a “social-ecological model” from the perspective
of public health [234]. An early ecological model was first introduced by Russian …

Background Controlling hygienic risk exposures (HREs) is important for reducing acute
respiratory infection or parasitic infection; however, studies across vulnerable ethnicities are …

The possibility of faecal exposure increasing risk for COVID-19 infection makes imperative
the need to interrogate current sanitation practices, as emerging studies indicate the …