Abstract Elevated interleukin (IL)-21 is a common finding in the tissues and/or sera of
patients with autoimmune disease. CD4 T cells are the primary producers of IL-21; often the …

T Follicular helper (Tfh) cells, a unique subset of CD4+ T cells, play an essential role in B
cell development and the formation of germinal centers (GCs). Tfh differentiation depends …

Objective Baricitinib, a selective inhibitor for janus kinase (JAK) 1 and JAK2, is approved for
use in rheumatoid arthritis. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is recently regarded as a …

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prototypical autoantibody-driven autoimmune
disease in which TB interactions play a critical role. Recent comprehensive analysis …

Germinal center (GC) reactions are vital to the correct functioning of the adaptive immune
system, through formation of high affinity, class switched antibodies. GCs are transient …

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a relapsing autoimmune disease, but key
elements that drive disease initiation and progression remain elusive. To date, the lack of …

Gastric CD4+ T cells contribute to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-induced gastritis by
amplifying mucosal inflammation and exacerbating mucosal injuries. However, the …

Systemic delivery of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) class II-based
nanomedicines can re-program cognate autoantigen-experienced CD4+ T cells into disease …

B lymphocytes have multiple functions central to humoral immunity, including Ag
presentation to T cells, cytokine secretion, and differentiation into Ab-secreting plasma cells …

Antibody‐secreting cells (ASCs) are considered work horses of the humoral immune
response for their tireless effort to produce large amounts of antibodies that fulfill an array of …