The simple definition of tone as the resistance to passive stretch is physiologically a complex
interlaced network encompassing neural circuits in the brain, spinal cord, and muscle …

Until the recent development of disease-modifying therapeutics, spinal muscular atrophy
(SMA) was considered a devastating neuromuscular disease with a poor prognosis for most …

Key points In people or animals with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), changing a spinal
reflex through an operant conditioning protocol can improve locomotion. All previous studies …

Background: This study combined neuromechanical modeling analysis, muscle tone
measurement from mechanical indentation and electrical impedance myography to assess …

Wearable technologies such as bionic limbs, robotic exoskeletons and neuromodulation
devices have long been designed with the goal of enhancing human movement. However …

Individuals post-stroke experience persisting gait deficits due to altered joint mechanics,
known clinically as spasticity, hypertonia, and paresis. In engineering, these concepts are …

Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) is a promising intervention that can benefit
spasticity control and augment voluntary movement in spinal cord injury (SCI) and multiple …

Transcutaneous spinal stimulation (TSS) and whole-body vibration (WBV) each have a
robust ability to activate spinal afferents. Both forms of stimulation have been shown to …

This study investigated the neuromodulatory effects of transspinal stimulation on soleus H-
reflex excitability and electromyographic (EMG) activity during stepping in humans with and …

The assessment of spasticity under voluntary movement is helpful for the therapist to
comprehensively assess the patient's dyskinesia. However, current researches focus on …