Antibiotics have transformed modern medicine. They are essential for treating infectious
diseases and enable vital therapies and procedures. However, despite this success, their …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also known as host defense peptides (HDPs), are important
effector immune defense molecules in multicellular organisms. AMPs exert their …

Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of
biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono-or multi-species cultures of …

Antimicrobial resistance is a normal evolutionary process for microorganisms. Antibiotics
exerted accelerated selective pressure that hasten bacterial resistance through mutation …

The oral antibiotic therapies administered widely to people and animals can cause gut
dysbiosis and barrier disruption inevitably. Increasing attention has been directed toward …

New approaches to target antibacterial agents toward Gram-negative bacteria are key, given
the rise of antibiotic resistance. Since the discovery of polymyxin B nonapeptide as a potent …

Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to global health, as it can make the
treatment of bacterial infections in humans difficult owing to their high incidence rate …

Antimicrobial resistance in clinically important microbes has emerged as an unmet
challenge in global health. Extensively drug-resistant bacterial pathogens have cropped up …

Antibiotics have a primary mode of actions, and most of them have a common secondary
mode of action via reactive species (ROS and RNS) mediated DNA damage. Bacteria have …

The changes in lifestyle and living conditions have affected not only humans but also
microorganisms. As man invents new drugs and therapies, pathogens alter themselves to …