Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity is an important mechanism leading to post ischemic
stroke damage. After acute stroke, the sudden reduction in cerebral blood flow is most …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most concerning health issues in which the normal
brain function may be disrupted as a result of a blow, bump, or jolt to the head. Loss of …

Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) is the predominant cytoskeletal regulator within
neuronal dendrites, abundant and specific enough to serve as a robust somatodendritic …

Background Anxiety is one of the psychiatric disorders that disturbs routine life including
moods and motivation. Excessive anxiety causes mental illnesses or anxiety disorders …

Introduction: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by a
pathological fear of gaining weight, excessive physical exercise, and emotional instability …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder that may lead to a series of
changes in the central nervous system, including impaired synaptic plasticity, neuronal …

Antipsychotics share the common pharmacological feature of antagonizing the dopamine 2
receptor (D2R), which is abundant in the striatum and involved in both the therapeutic and …

Alarin is a member of the galanin family of neuropeptides that is widely expressed in the
central nervous system and peripheral tissues in humans and rodents. It was initially …

Alarin is a pleiotropic peptide involved in a multitude of putative biological activities, notably,
it has a regulatory effect on depression-like behaviors. Although further elucidating research …

Cyclosporine A (CYA) is prescribed to prevent graft rejection after transplantation. Interferon-
α (IFN-α), a natural cytokine, is prescribed for some types of malignancies, and hepatitis C …