Background Cytokines are important endogenous substances that are involved in immune
and inflammatory responses. Neurogenic inflammation has been proposed to play a role in …

The transparency of the cornea along with its dense sensory innervation and resident
leukocyte populations make it an ideal tissue to study interactions between the nervous and …

CSFL caused by spinal dural defect is a common complication of spinal surgery, which need
repair such as suture or sealants. However, low intracranial pressure symptoms, wound …

The communication between calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and cytokines plays a
prominent role in maintaining trigeminal ganglion (TG) and trigeminovascular sensitization …

Clinical publications show consistently that headache is a common symptom in the
coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Several studies specifically investigated …

Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) is the neuronal correlate of migraine aura and the
reliable consequence of acute brain injury. The role of CSD in triggering headaches that …

Several preclinical and clinical lines of evidence suggest a role of neuroinflammation in
migraine. Neuroimaging offers the possibility to investigate and localize neuroinflammation …

The trigeminal ganglion is implicated in the underlying pathology of migraine and
temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD), which are orofacial pain conditions involving …

Background Orthodontic treatment is the main treatment approach for malocclusion.
Orthodontic pain is an inevitable undesirable adverse reaction during orthodontic treatment …

Galanin (GAL) is a nociceptive transmitter or modulator in the trigeminal sensory system. In
this study, GAL expression was investigated in the rat dura mater to demonstrate its possible …