Viruses and their hosts have coevolved for a long time. This coevolution places both the
pathogen and the human immune system under selective pressure; on the one hand, the …

The induction of T cell-mediated immunity is crucial in vaccine development. The most
effective vaccine is likely to employ both cellular and humoral immune responses. The …

Nanomedicines are highly promising for cancer therapy due to their minimal side effects.
However, little is known regarding their host immune response, which may limit their clinical …

Abstract Cordycepin, also known as 3′-deoxyadenosine, is an extract from Cordyceps
militaris, which has been reported as an anti-inflammation and anti-tumor substance without …

Cognate antigen signal controls CD8+ T cell priming, expansion size and effector versus
memory cell fates, but it is not known if and how it modulates the functional features of …

The primary goal of vaccines that protect against respiratory viruses appears to be the
induction of neutralizing antibodies for a long period. Although this goal need not be …

Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic flatworms known as schistosomes and affects over
200 million people worldwide. Prevention of T cell exhaustion by blockade of PD-1 results in …

Effective immunotherapy treats cancers by eradicating tumourigenic cells by activated
tumour antigen-specific and bystander CD8+ T-cells. However, T-cells can gradually lose …

The causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has yielded multiple
relevant mutations, many of which have branched into major variants. The Omicron variant …

Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory multifunctional cytokine. High-dose IL-
2 was first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the 1990s for the …