This paper proposes the design of combination opioid–adrenergic tethered compounds to
enhance efficacy and specificity, lower dosage, increase duration of activity, decrease side …

Purpose The interaction of orexinergic neurons with the opioidergic system and their effects
on morphine analgesia and tolerance have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of the …

Increased opioid synthesis and release, and enhanced alpha-2 adrenoceptor signaling
have been suggested to mediate repeated oxytocin-induced long-lasting effects including …

Abstract Introduction-Aim: Fentanyl (FEN) is a powerful opioid used in the treatment of pain.
μ-opioid receptors (MORs) mediate the pharmacological effects of opioids. Long-term and/or …

The pro-in ammatory (M1) and anti-in ammatory (M2) status of microglial determines the
outcome of neuroin ammation, which contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic morphine …