Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism has been considered to have an emerging
role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disturbances in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) …

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global pandemic that affects one-quarter of the
world's population. NAFLD includes a spectrum of progressive liver disease from steatosis to …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are both age-related diseases of
global concern being among the most common chronic metabolic and neurodegenerative …

Simple Summary In the last two decades, the antidiabetic drugs, biguanides, have received
considerable interest owing to their presumed antitumor properties. A critical issue that has …

Metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
(NAFLD), are rising in both incidence and prevalence and remain a major global health and …

Insulin resistance is one of the earliest pathological features of a suite of diseases including
type 2 diabetes collectively referred to as metabolic syndrome. There is a growing body of …

Insulin resistance defines an impairment in the biologic response to insulin action in target
tissues, primarily the liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and brain. Insulin resistance affects …

Porphyrin and iron are ubiquitous and essential for sustaining life in virtually all living
organisms. Unlike iron, which exists in many forms, porphyrin macrocycles are mostly …

Skeletal muscle has a critical role in the regulation of the energy balance of the organism,
particularly as the principal tissue responsible for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and as …

Simple Summary This review will comprise an overview of insulin and its history, structure,
synthesis, secretion, signaling, and peripheral and brain roles. Further, the impact that …