Many patients with symptoms and signs of heart failure have a left ventricular ejection
fraction≥ 50%, termed heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). HFpEF is a …

Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of human mortality. Cytokines play crucial
roles in the development of cardiovascular disease. Interleukin (IL)-6 family members are a …

Many patients with heart failure have an iron‐deficient state, which can limit erythropoiesis in
erythroid precursors and ATP production in cardiomyocytes. Yet, treatment with sodium …

Background Inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) has received remarkable
attention due to the beneficial effects observed in diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and kidney …

Determination of specific cardiac biomarkers (CBs) during the diagnosis and management
of adverse cardiovascular events such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has become …

Chronic low-grade elevations of blood-borne cytokines/chemokines in older age tend to
associate with frailty in humans. This persistent inflammation is often called “inflammageing” …

Background Congestion is the main driver behind symptoms of heart failure (HF), but
pathophysiology related to congestion remains poorly understood. Objectives Using …

Aims Whereas the combination of anaemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been
extensively studied in patients with heart failure (HF), the contribution of iron deficiency (ID) …

With its complicated pathophysiology, high incidence and prevalence, heart failure remains
a major public concern. In hopes of improving diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, the utility …

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-6 is produced locally in response to an inflammatory stimulus, and is
able to induce systemic manifestations at distance from the site of inflammation. Its unique …