Several epidemiologic and toxicological studies have commonly viewed ambient fine
particulate matter (PM2. 5), defined as particles having an aerodynamic diameter of less …

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an increasingly important
cause of morbidity, disability, and mortality worldwide. We aimed to estimate global …

The sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin reduces the risk of
cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization in patients with chronic heart failure, but …

Sirtuins (SIRTs) are nicotine adenine dinucleotide (+)-dependent histone deacetylases
regulating critical signaling pathways in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and are involved in …

Chronic inflammation is a component of many disease conditions that affect a large group of
individuals worldwide. Chronic inflammation is characterized by persistent, low-grade …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was traditionally thought to be caused by
tobacco smoking. However, recognition of the importance of non-smoking-related risk …

This Review presents data describing the health burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD)
within and across the WHO European Region. CVD remains the most common cause of …

Background A polypill that includes key medications associated with improved outcomes
(aspirin, angiotensin-converting–enzyme [ACE] inhibitor, and statin) has been proposed as …

Importance Observational studies have consistently proposed cardiovascular benefits
associated with light alcohol consumption, while recent genetic analyses (ie, mendelian …

Attempts to define concepts and things date back to the time of Aristotle, around 2,400 years
ago, when he proposed that a definition should state the essential nature or being of …