Sleep disorders are integral to Parkinson's disease (PD). Insomnia, an inability to maintain
stable sleep, affects most patients and is widely rated as one of the most debilitating facets of …

Neuromodulation is a widely used treatment for motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease
(PD). It can be a highly effective treatment as a result of knowledge of circuit dysfunction …

Being a major component of the midbrain locomotion region, the pedunculopontine nucleus
(PPN) is known to have various connections with the basal ganglia, the cerebral cortex …

Introduction The connections of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) with motor areas of the
central nervous system (CNS) are well described in the literature, in contrast relations with …

Cholinergic cells of the basal forebrain (cBF) and pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) are
implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD), but current understanding of their role in PD …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been extensively used in the treatment of a number of
neurological and neurophysiological pathologies, collectively known as thalamocortical …