Atherosclerosis is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading
cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelium activation and …

Liver ischaemia–reperfusion injury (LIRI), a local sterile inflammatory response driven by
innate immunity, is one of the primary causes of early organ dysfunction and failure after …

M1 macrophage accumulation and excessive inflammation are commonly encountered
issues in diabetic wounds and can fail in the healing process. Hence, hydrogel dressings …

Ferroptosis, a newly discovered iron-dependent cell death pathway, is characterized by lipid
peroxidation and GSH depletion mediated by iron metabolism and is morphologically …

Different stimuli can polarize macrophages into two basic types, M1 and M2. Tumor-
associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are composed of …

The ability of articular cartilage to repair itself is limited because it lacks blood vessels,
nerves, and lymph tissue. Once damaged, it can lead to joint swelling and pain, accelerating …

Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells within the synovial joints, and also the
main innate immune effector cells triggering the initial inflammatory responses in the …

Exosomes have a crucial role in intercellular communication and mediate interactions
between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Exosome-encapsulated …

Macrophages are influential members of the innate immune system that can be reversibly
polarized by different microenvironment signals. Cell polarization leads to a wide range of …

With an increasingly aging society, bone defects and fractures have become significant
threats to human health and quality of life. Currently, autologous and allogeneic bone grafts …