Land plant life cycles are separated into distinct haploid gametophyte and diploid
sporophyte stages. Indeterminate apical growth evolved independently in bryophyte (moss …

Fern gametophytes are autotrophic and independent of sporophytes, and they develop
pluripotent meristems that drive prothallus development and sexual reproduction. To reveal …

A key aim in biology is to identify which genetic changes contributed to the evolution of form
through time. Apical dominance, the inhibitory effect exerted by shoot apices on the initiation …

Summary In seed plants, 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) is the precursor of
the plant hormone ethylene but also has ethylene‐independent signaling roles. Nonseed …

Circadian rhythms are 24‐h biological cycles that align metabolism, physiology, and
development with daily environmental fluctuations. Photosynthetic processes are governed …

Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall, a rigid structure that is not only important for cell
and organ shape, but is also crucial for intercellular communication and interactions with the …

Abstract Development of multicellular organisms is a complex process involving precise
coordination of growth among individual cells. Understanding organogenesis requires …

Meristems in land plants share conserved functions but develop highly variable structures.
Meristems in seed-free plants, including ferns, usually contain one or a few pyramid-/wedge …

The shape of modular organisms depends on branching architecture, which in plants is
determined by the fates of generative centres called meristems. The branches of the …

High-throughput phenotyping (HTP) allows automation of fast and precise acquisition and
analysis of digital images for the detection of key traits in real time. HTP improves …