Abstract The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is a well-characterized MAPK pathway
involved in cell proliferation and survival. The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is …

Cancer has been a serious public health problem. Berberine is a famous natural compound
from medicinal herbs and shows many bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory …

Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved sequential process of cell death to maintain a
homeostatic balance between cell formation and cell death. It is a vital process for normal …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality where light-mediated activation of
photosensitizers in a patient's body leads to the generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease that causes painful
swelling and permanent damage to the joints in the body. The molecular mechanisms of OA …

Background Silymarin, a blend of flavonolignans isolated from plant Silybum marianum L.,
has long been used as an herbal medicine. Biogenic routes especially the plant-based …

The increasing global burden of diabetes mellitus has called for the search for a therapeutic
alternative that offers better activities and safety than conventional chemotherapy. Herein …

Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF) is an electrostimulation technique first developed
in 1995; nsPEF requires the delivery of a series of pulses of high electric fields in the order of …

Background Artesunate, as a semi-synthetic artemisinin derivative of sesquiterpene lactone,
is widely used in clinical antimalarial treatment due to its endoperoxide group. Recent …

Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are essential players in the tumour
microenvironment (TME) and modulate various pro-tumorigenic functions such as …