Neuropeptides and peptide hormones are ancient, widespread signaling molecules that
underpin almost all brain functions. They constitute a broad ligand-receptor network, mainly …

An active immune response is energetically demanding and requires reallocation of
nutrients to support resistance to and tolerance of infection. Insulin signaling is a critical …

Locusta migratoria manilensis is a major agricultural pest that causes severe direct and
indirect damage to several crops. Thus, to provide a theoretical foundation for pest control …

Wing polyphenism is a common phenomenon that plays key roles in environmental
adaptation of insects. Insulin/insulin‐like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway is a highly …

Consumption of food and water is tightly regulated by the nervous system to maintain
internal nutrient homeostasis. Although generally considered independently, interactions …

Mosquitoes including Aedes aegypti are human disease vectors because females must
blood feed to produce and lay eggs. Blood feeding triggers insulin-insulin growth factor …

Obesity significantly increases the risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders, yet the
precise mechanisms underlying this connection remain unclear. Defects in glial phagocytic …

Insulin–including insulin-like peptides (ILPs), relaxins and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)–
is an evolutionarily conserved hormone in all metazoans. It is involved in various …

BACKGROUND Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is a semi‐persistent plant virus that is
primarily transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). It causes a …

Tyrosine phosphorylation is crucial for controlling normal cell growth, survival, intercellular
communication, gene transcription, immune responses, and other processes. PTP (protein …