Understanding if and how individuals and populations cope with environmental change is
an enduring question in evolutionary ecology that has renewed importance given the pace …

The concept of stress is notoriously difficult to define, despite its ubiquity in both common
parlance and the scientific literature. Given the clear importance of understanding how …

Exposure of females to stressful conditions during pregnancy or oogenesis has a profound
effect on the phenotype of their offspring. For example, offspring behavioural phenotype may …

Environmental changes can be stressors (altered habitat and food supply, climate change,
etc.) to wild animals. Stressors trigger the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis to …

Prenatal resource allocation to offspring can be influenced by maternal environment and
offspring value, and affect offspring survival. An important pathway for flexible maternal …

Stress experienced during ontogeny can have profound effects on the adult phenotype.
However, stress can also be experienced intergenerationally, where an offspring's …

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are central mediators of vertebrate responses to intrinsic and extrinsic
stimuli. Among the sources of variation in circulating GCs are transgenerational effects …

Long-term parental separation can lead to altered behavioral and physical development in
human children. Rodent models are popular for studying parent–child separation, and …

Chronic stress has long been hypothesized to play a role in driving population cycles.
Christian (1950) hypothesized that high population density results in chronic stress and …

Livestock grazing increases the abundance of small burrowing mammals by reducing
vegetation height and cover. However, habitats with low food quality may not be able to …