Teleost fishes exhibit complex sexual characteristics in response to androgens, such as fin
enlargement and courtship display. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their …

Background Dysregulated apoptosis of penile mesenchymal cells during male
urethragenesis has been previously demonstrated to underly hypospadiac urethral closure …

Hypospadias, or incomplete closure of the urethra along the penis, is the second most
common birth defect in the United States. We discovered a population of extra-genital …

Embryonic external genitalia (genital tubercle [GT]) protrude from the cloaca and outgrow as
cloacal development progresses. Individual gene functions and knockout phenotypes in GT …

Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are significant drivers of male external genital
development, and therefore teratogens that alter these hormone profiles have been …